My research revealed that only the Church had sustained the French language in Quebec, the demographic survival of French Canadians, and the prevalence of literacy, provision of health care, and even most capital formation (as in the caisses populaires and credit unions attached to almost every parish), for nearly two centuries after the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759. I met the founder of the cooperation movement, the Dominican Georges-Henri Lévesque, and other prominent figures in social organizations, including the Jesuit Emile Bouvier of the Institute of Industrial Relations. Duplessis had told my eventual friend Malcolm Muggeridge that the secret to governing Quebec was to keep the Dominicans and Jesuits quarrelling with each other.
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